what percentage of jews died in the holocaust

According to Dan Stone the Holocaust was a pan-European phenomenon, a series of "Holocausts" impossible to conduct without local collaborators and Germany's allies. . Often, these ghettos existed only for a short period of weeks or days, and they primarily served to gather Jews in preparation of genocide. [357] The Jews killed represented around one third of world Jewry[358] and about two-thirds of European Jewry, based on a pre-war figure of 9.7million Jews in Europe. What follow are the current best estimates of civilians and captured soldiers killed by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. [139], The state broke away from Nazi antisemitic policy by promising honorary Aryan citizenship, and thus freedom from persecution, to Jews who were willing to contribute to the "Croat cause". [282] At Auschwitz, the bodies were at first buried in deep pits and covered with lime, but between September and November 1942, on the orders of Himmler, 100,000 bodies were dug up and burned. When America declared war, he blamed the Jews.[218]. [208] Several forced labor camps for Jews were established in Italian-controlled Libya; almost 2,600 Libyan Jews were sent to camps, where 562 were murdered. [210] The first group of 1,034 Jews arrived from Rome on 23 October 1943; 839 were murdered by gas. [183] Romanian antisemitic legislation was not an attempt to placate the Germans, but rather entirely home-grown, preceding German hegemony and Nazi Germany itself. According to Haaretz, the writer Yehuda Erez may have been the first to describe events in Germany as the shoah. On a feeling thermometer designed to gauge sentiments toward a variety of groups, nine-in-ten non-Jewish respondents who underestimate the Holocausts death toll express neutralor warm feelings toward Jews, while just one-in-ten give Jews a cold rating. Works by Jewish composers,[58] authors, and artists were excluded from publications, performances, and exhibitions. It also includes people caught in hiding and killed in Poland, Serbia, and elsewhere in German-occupied Europe. While adult men answer slightly more questions right than women, teen boys and girls correctly answer a similar number of questions about the Holocaust (1.8 each, on average). [95], The Germans stipulated that each ghetto be led by a Judenrat of 24 male Jews, who would be responsible for carrying out German orders. [202] When this became public, the Orthodox Church and many Bulgarians protested, and King Boris III canceled the plans. [324] The Polish government-in-exile's response to the Holocaust has polarized historiography, with some historians arguing that it did more than any other Allied government and others criticizing perceived indifference to the Jewish plight. They included almost 100 thousand Jews, 64 thousand Poles, 21 thousand Roma, 14 thousand Soviet . Hence, total estimates are calculated only after the end of the war and are based on demographic loss data and the documents of the perpetrators. In the course of the practical execution of the Final Solution, Europe will be combed through from west to east. Most U.S. adults know what the Holocaust was and approximately when it happened, but fewer than half can correctly answer multiple-choice questions about the number of Jews who were murdered or the way Adolf Hitler came to power, according to a new Pew Research Center survey. [340] Already sick after exposure to violence and starvation, they were marched to train stations and transported for days without food or shelter in open freight cars, then forced to march again at the other end to the new camp. Like adults, more teens know when the Holocaust occurred (57%) and what Nazi-created ghettos were (53%) than know how many Jews were killed during the Holocaust (38%) or how Hitler became chancellor of Germany (33%). [284] Between March 1942 and November 1943, around 1,526,500 Jews were murdered in these three camps in gas chambers using carbon monoxide from the exhaust fumes of stationary diesel engines. The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah,[a] was the genocide of European Jews during World WarII. "[216], On 7 December 1941, Japanese aircraft attacked Pearl Harbor, an American naval base in Honolulu, Hawaii, killing 2,403 Americans. [163] Christopher Browning reports that on 1 August 1941, the SS Cavalry Brigade passed an order to its units: "Explicit order by RF-SS [Heinrich Himmler, Reichsfhrer-SS]. [293] Timothy Snyder noted that it was only during the three months after the deportations of JulySeptember 1942 that agreement on the need for armed resistance was reached.[294]. Known as Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass"), the pogrom on 910 November 1938 saw over 7,500 Jewish shops (out of 9,000) looted and attacked, and over 1,000 synagogues damaged or destroyed. [287], Although the Holocaust was planned and directed by Germans, the Nazi regime found willing collaborators in other countries (e.g. [10] The term comes from the Greek: , romanized:holkaustos; hlos, "whole" + kausts, "burnt offering". Other camps sometimes described as extermination camps include Maly Trostinets near Minsk in the occupied Soviet Union, where 65,000 are thought to have been murdered, mostly by shooting but also in gas vans;[258] Mauthausen in Austria;[259] Stutthof, near Gdask, Poland;[260] and Sachsenhausen and Ravensbrck in Germany. On 910 November 1938, eight months after Germany annexed Austria, Jewish businesses and other buildings were ransacked or set on fire throughout Germany and Austria on what became known as Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass"). [68] Jews were forced to perform humiliating acts such as scrubbing the streets or cleaning toilets while wearing tefillin. [418], During and after World War II, many European countries launched widespread purges of real and perceived collaborators that affected possibly as much as 23 percent of the population of Europe, although most of the resulting trials did not emphasize crimes against Jews. [80], Between 9 and 16 November, 30,000 Jews were sent to the Buchenwald, Dachau, and Sachsenhausen concentration camps. Ninety percent of Austria's 176,000 Jews lived in Vienna. "[224][t] On 18 December 1941, Hitler and Himmler held a meeting to which Himmler referred in his appointment book as "Juden frage | als Partisanen auszurotten" ("Jewish question / to be exterminated as partisans"). In February 1941, non-Jewish Dutch citizens staged a strike in protest that was quickly crushed. From 1939 to 1944, 81,000 European Jews were able to emigrate with the JDC's assistance. Where they came from and how they came to me was really none of my business. And U.S. adults who live in the West, Northeast and Midwest perform slightly better than those who live in the South. Twelve percent thought the toll was less . [329] Shipments of Jews had priority on the German railways over anything but the army's needs, and continued even in the face of the increasingly dire military situation at the end of 1942. [101] The inhabitants had to pay for food and other supplies by selling whatever goods they could produce. Liraz Lachmanovich. Various factors combined to create a different reality than in the other countries under German occupation. [40], Early antisemites in the Nazi Party included Dietrich Eckart, publisher of the Vlkischer Beobachter, the party's newspaper, and Alfred Rosenberg, who wrote antisemitic articles for it in the 1920s. Likewise, several regional compilations of such gruesome data were among the records captured by US, British, and Soviet forces after World War II. [95] Jews were eventually to be expelled to areas of Poland not annexed by Germany. Most of the people surveyed (10,429) were members of Pew Research Centers American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel. [98] These orders included, from 1942, facilitating deportations to extermination camps. And close to two-thirds know that Nazi-created ghettos were parts of a city or town where Jews were forced to live. (+1) 202-419-4372 | Media Inquiries. [426][427], West Germany allocated another $125million for reparations in 1988. Laqueur, Walter; Baumel, Judith Tydor (2001). [43], With the appointment in January 1933 of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany and the Nazi's seizure of power, German leaders proclaimed the rebirth of the Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community"). Jews were forced out of their jobs and had to register with the government. By contrast, more atheists and agnostics than Jews correctly answer the question about how Hitler became chancellor of Germany: Three-quarters of atheists (76%) and seven-in-ten agnostics know Hitler became chancellor through a democratic political process, compared with 57% of Jews. [158] In the Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre (Soviet Ukraine), nearly 24,000 Jews were killed between 27 and 30 August 1941. [33] Peter Hayes writes that the persecution of these groups was less uniform than that of the Jews. [400] In May 1942, they were placed under similar laws to the Jews, and in December Himmler ordered that they be sent to Auschwitz, unless they had served in the Wehrmacht. The following day, the United States declared war on Japan, and on 11 December, Germany declared war on the United States. By the outbreak of war in September 1939 however, according to some estimates, as many as 126,445 Jews had departed Austria. [42] From the early 1920s onwards, he compared the Jews to germs and said they should be dealt with in the same way. This raises an important question: Are those who underestimate the death toll simply uninformed, or are they Holocaust deniers people with anti-Semitic views who claim that the Holocaust was invented or exaggerated by Jews as part of a plot to advance Jewish interests?1. Vesna Drapac, Gareth Pritchard, Palgrave Publishing, Sep 16, 2017, "Where Memory is a Curse and Amnesia a Blessing: A Journey Through Romania's Holocaust Narrative", "Wannsee Conference and the 'Final Solution', "Jews captured by Waffen SS soldiers during the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising", "American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and Refugee Aid", "Major death marches and evacuations, 19441945", "The 11th Armoured Division (Great Britain)", "Jewish losses during the Holocaust: By country", "Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War", "Hitler's War; Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe", "The trial of German major war criminals: proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg Germany", "What was the Warsaw Uprising? Hungary, Bohemia, Slovakia, Yugoslavia, Netherlands and Latvia lost over 70 percent of their Jewish populations. [299] The Germans said that 14,000 Jews had been killed7000 during the fighting and 7000 sent to Treblinka[300]and between 53,000[301] and 56,000 deported. [213], Stone writes that Slovakia, led by Roman Catholic priest Jozef Tiso (president of the Slovak State, 19391945), was "one of the most loyal of the collaborationist regimes". Film Reviews. At Treblinka, to calm the victims, the arrival platform was made to look like a train station, complete with a fake clock. [78] Attacks took place in Austria too. Browning interprets this as a meeting to discuss how to justify and speak about the killing. Yad Vashem. The overall death and destruction that took place during World War II may well be beyond human comprehension. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. A controversial ultra-Orthodox rabbi based in New York has said that fewer that one million Jews were killed in the Holocaust, claiming most of those . [235], The evacuations were regarded as provisional ("Ausweichmglichkeiten"). In 1939, there were 16.6 million Jews worldwide, and a majority of them - 9.5 million, or 57% - lived in Europe, according to DellaPergola's estimates. 31 percent of the Americans surveyed, and 41 percent of millennials within that group, do not believe that 6 million Jews were killed during the Holocaust and think the real death toll is. The numbers were higher among younger. Counting victims is important for research and to understand the magnitude of the crimes. [62] The second law said: "Marriages between Jews and subjects of the state of German or related blood are forbidden." [410] In 1936, Himmler created the Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion. [152] In Lithuania, Latvia and western Ukraine, locals were deeply involved; Latvian and Lithuanian units participated in the murder of Jews in Belarus, and in the south, Ukrainians killed about 24,000 Jews. German: "Wannsee-Protokoll". Compilation of comprehensive statistics of Jews killed by German and other Axis authorities began in 1942 and 1943. While no precise numbers are likely to ever be determined, after 70 years of research and increasingly open archives, these ranges are likely not to change dramatically in the years ahead. The Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (known as the Claims Conference) was opened in New York, and after negotiations the claim was reduced to $845 million. [215] According to Stone, "the Holocaust in Slovakia was far more than a German project, even if it was carried out in the context of a 'puppet' state. Michael Gray, a specialist in Holocaust education. If the respondent did, Men get more questions right, even after controlling for religious affiliation, education level, race and ethnicity, age, region, and marital status. NDH leader Ante Paveli and the Ustae accepted Nazi demands. Like the adults, however, teens fare best on the questions about when the Holocaust occurred and what ghettos were. [421] This trial and others held by the Allies in occupied Germany was ineffective in its goal of re-educating Germans;[422] a consensus in West German society demanded amnesty and release of the convicted prisoners. [280] Johann Kremer, an SS doctor who oversaw the gassings, testified that: "Shouting and screaming of the victims could be heard through the opening and it was clear that they fought for their lives. In Lithuania, by contrast, the pogroms were carried out by organized Lithuanian paramilitaries. [202], Although Hungary expelled Jews who were not citizens from its newly annexed lands in 1941, it did not deport most of its Jews[204] until the German invasion of Hungary in March 1944. Instead of convicting Eichmann on the basis of documentary evidence, Israeli prosecutors asked many Holocaust survivors to testify, a strategy that increased publicity but has proven controversial. Help JNS grow! So many died that the marches were stopped. Their percentage among the general population - about 10% - was also the highest in Europe.After the conquest of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union in September 1939, most of the Jews remaining within the area occupied by Germany - approximately 1 Murder of the Jews of Poland Skip to main content Accessibility High contrast As more documents come to light or as scholars arrive at a more precise understanding of the Holocaust, estimates of human losses may change. According to Yitzhak Arad, this was the highest number of SS officers killed in a single revolt. Once the invasion was underway, however, about 100,000 Jews fled Kyiv or were conscripted into the Red Army. Of course, teens between the ages of 13 and 17 have not yet had a chance to pursue post-secondary education. [69] Around 7,000 Jewish businesses were "Aryanized", and all the legal restrictions on Jews in Germany were imposed in Austria. [72][i] When vom Rath died on 9 November, the synagogue and Jewish shops in Dessau were attacked. [328] Rail shipments of Jews were still arriving regularly from western and southern Europe at the extermination camps. Their records were far less comprehensive, so that it is possible only to make a rough estimate of the numbers of Jews killed - generally between 800,000 and 1 million. [195] According to a 2004 report by Tuvia Friling and others, up to 14,850 Jews were murdered during the Iai pogrom. [343] On 17 January 1945, 58,000 Auschwitz inmates were sent on a death march westwards;[344] when the camp was liberated by the Soviets on 27 January, they found just 7,000 inmates in the three main camps and 500 in subcamps. [375][376] An estimated 1.81.9million non-Jewish Polish citizens were killed by Germans during the war. [264] As the mass shootings continued in Russia, Himmler and his subordinates in the field feared that the murders were causing psychological problems for the SS,[265] and began searching for more efficient methods. The ascendance of Germany enabled Romania to disregard the minorities treaties that were imposed upon the country after the First World War. Some went by truck or wagons; others were marched the entire distance. [145], Between early fall 1941 and late spring 1942, Jrgen Matthus writes, 2million of the 3.5million Soviet POWs captured by the Wehrmacht had been executed or had died of neglect and abuse. [175] After mid-1943, some of the forced-labor camps for Jews and some ghettos were converted into concentration camps, while others were dissolved and surviving prisoners sent to a concentration camp. [321] In the decades after the war, Swiss banks became notorious for harboring gold deposited by Nazis who had stolen it during the Holocaust, as well as profiting from unclaimed deposits made by Holocaust victims. News. Another 2,396 were deported and 2,257 killed that autumn during an uprising, and 13,500 were deported between October 1944 and March 1945. [350] The Red Cross took control of Theresienstadt on 3 May, days before the Soviets arrived. [323] On 26 June 1942, BBC services in all languages publicized a report by the Jewish Social-Democratic Bund and other resistance groups documenting the killing of 700,000 Jews in Poland. p. 281. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. By mid-1942, victims were being deported from ghettos across Europe in sealed freight trains to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, they were gassed, worked or beaten to death, or killed by disease, starvation, cold, medical experiments, or during death marches. ISBN 978-0-30008-432-0. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKrivosheev2001 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGushee2012 (. Explore a timeline of events that occurred before, during, and after the Holocaust. A 100-year-old Holocaust survivor, who lived through 12 Nazi concentration camps during World War II, will share his story at the Chabad of Poway. [48] One of the first, at Dachau, opened on 22 March 1933. [180][181], Holocaust victims of Germany's allies[182], Romania ranks first among Holocaust perpetrator countries other than Germany. [435] Yom HaShoah became Israel's Holocaust Remembrance Day in 1951. Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGordon1984 (, Piotrowski, Tadeusz. [154] Each Einsatzgruppe numbered around 6001,000 men, with a few women in administrative roles. By comparison, 38% of teens know that approximately 6 million Jews perished in the Holocaust, and just one-third know that Hitler came to power through a democratic process. "[374] At the end of 1940, Hitler confirmed the plan to liquidate "all leading elements in Poland". By 1944 the Soviet death toll was at least 20million.[146]. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. The Germans called this "the final solution to the Jewish question." [150] The latter was known as Sardinenpackung ("packing sardines"), a method reportedly started by SS officer Friedrich Jeckeln. More than 90% of the Jews who lived in Greece's fabled "Jerusalem of the Balkans . At least 800,000 Jews died in Nazi ghettos and 150,000 Jews died in other concentration camps. Those present included (annotated, left to right): Frank continued by discussing their deportation, then asked: "But what is to happen to the Jews? [269], Christian Gerlach writes that over three million Jews were murdered in 1942, the year that "marked the peak" of the mass murder. [373] On 12 September, Wilhelm Keitel added Poland's intelligentsia to the list. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jewish men, women and children by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. [401] He adjusted the order on 15 November 1943 to allow "sedentary Gypsies and part-Gypsies" in the occupied Soviet areas to be viewed as citizens. [16], The term was popularised in the United States by the NBC mini-series Holocaust (1978) about a fictional family of German Jews,[17] and in November that year the President's Commission on the Holocaust was established. Archived from the original on 22 June 2006. [121] Vichy France's government implemented anti-Jewish measures in Metropolitan France, in French Algeria and in the two French Protectorates of Tunisia and Morocco. The four multiple-choice questions about the Holocaust also were included in a recent Pew Research Center survey of U.S. teens ages 13 to 17. * Number of Jews who lived in Europe before 1933: Approximately 9.5 million, 60 percent of the world's Jews Holocaust Facts: The Rescues Holocaust Facts: Prominent Museums, Archives and Research Institutions 6 Million - Where Is the Figure From? Sexual relationships between them were also criminalized; Jews were not allowed to employ German women under the age of 45 in their homes. [57] Jewish students were restricted by quotas from attending schools and universities. In 1993, the American Jewish Committee (AJC) published the results of a study regarding what U.S. adults and students in the 10th, 11th and 12th grades knew about the Holocaust.4 And in 2018, the Holocaust Knowledge and Awareness Study, conducted by the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, asked American adults many of the same questions that were discussed in the 1993 report. Of these, 725,005 regarded themselves as Jews (4.94 percent) and another 100,000 were Jewish by descent who identified as Christian. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Overall, U.S. teens correctly answer about the same number of questions (1.8, on average) as adults whose formal education ended with high school (1.7). Open about his hatred of Jews, he subscribed to common antisemitic stereotypes. Notice that Poland by far lost the largest number (three million), with the Soviet Union having lost the second most (one million). [369][370] Hitler's plan combined classic imperialism with Nazi racial ideology. All of these countries were under no formal German occupation and maintained complete domestic administrations. "The Holocaust: Definition and Preliminary Discussion". By comparison, non-Jews who correctly answer one question or less (including those who get none right) rate their feelings toward Jews at 58 degrees, on average. [304] On 14 October, Jewish prisoners in Sobibr attempted an escape, killing 11 SS officers, as well as two or three Ukrainian and Volksdeutsche guards. Nearly nine-in-ten U.S. Jews (90%), agnostics (90%) and atheists (87%) know that the Holocaust happened between 1930 and 1950. For example, college graduates get an average of 2.8 out of the four multiple-choice questions right, while those whose formal education ended with high school correctly answer 1.7 questions. [373] After Germany lost the war, the International Military Tribunal at the Nuremberg Trials and Poland's Supreme National Tribunal concluded that the aim of German policies in Poland the extermination of Poles and Jews was a genocide in biological terms. [82] German Jewry was held collectively responsible for restitution of the damage; they also had to pay an "atonement tax" of over a billion Reichsmark. This may reflect disparities in education. It broke down during the last year and a half of the war. Between 58,000 and 66,260 Jews remained in the country. [212], In Finland, the government was pressured in 1942 to hand over its 150200 non-Finnish Jews to Germany. "[290], There was almost no resistance in the ghettos in Poland until the end of 1942. In response, two-thirds say the Holocaust refers to the attempted annihilation of the Jewish people, or words to that effect, mentioning the mass murder of Jews. [168] Longerich wrote in 2010 that the gradual increase in brutality and numbers killed between July and September 1941 suggests there was "no particular order". These countries were not necessarily signatories of the Tripartite Pact (Finland) and signatories of the Tripartite Pact were not necessarily allies of Germany (Slovakia and Croatia were puppet states). The actual number was probably between 1.1 million and 1.5 million-and at least 90 percent of the victims were Jews. Prior to the German invasion of the Soviet Union, an estimated 160,000 Jews resided in Kyiv, which represented close to 20 percent of the city's population. Emigration from the Reich was ultimately banned in October 1941. One-in-ten decline to answer the question. "[64] By the end of 1934, 50,000 German Jews had left Germany,[65] and by the end of 1938, approximately half the German Jewish population had left. This perception contributed to the canard of Jewish Bolshevism. Over one-third of the Soviet Union's Jews perished; France lost around 25 percent of its Jewish community, while Italy between 15% and 20%. "[232] Thirty copies of the minutes, the Wannsee Protocol, were made. [203] Instead, Jews native to Bulgaria were sent to the provinces. [233] Written by Eichmann and stamped "Top Secret", the minutes were written in "euphemistic language" on Heydrich's instructions, according to Eichmann's later testimony.[234]. [413][414][415] In some concentration camps brothels were established to punish lesbian women by raping them. Thus, the 5 German allies in Europe were: Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy and Finland. Overall, the average respondent correctly answers about half (2.2) of the four multiple-choice Holocaust knowledge questions. Thirty-one percent of Americans, and 41 percent of millennials, believe that two million or fewer Jews were killed in the Holocaust; the actual number is around six million. [279] Those inside were murdered within 20 minutes; the speed of death depended on how close the inmate was standing to a gas vent, according to the commandant Rudolf Hss, who estimated that about one-third of the victims were killed immediately. "The Jews have deserved the catastrophe that has now overtaken them," Goebbels wrote in his diary in 1942. [66], On 12 March 1938, Germany annexed Austria. [355] At least 1.5 million Jews were shot or killed by gas vans, primarily in the Soviet Union. [426] In response, Germany set up the "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" Foundation in 2000, which paid 4.45billion to former slave laborers (up to 7,670 each). [153], Einsatzgruppe A arrived in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) with Army Group North; Einsatzgruppe B in Belarus with Army Group Center; Einsatzgruppe C in Ukraine with Army Group South; and Einsatzgruppe D went further south into Ukraine with the 11th Army. Filimoshin cited sources from the Soviet era to support his figures and used the terms "genocide" and "premeditated extermination" when referring to deaths of 7.4million civilians caused by direct, intentional violence. [b] Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe;[c] around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. persons actually or believed to be active in underground resistance, persons killed in reprisal for some actual or perceived resistance activity carried out by someone else, losses due to so-called collateral damage in actual military operations. The history of the Jews in France during the Holocaust and the Second World War constitutes a unique and complex chapter in the history of the Holocaust of European Jewry. [197] Within the city of Odessa, Jews were segregated to ghettos where they were later deported en masse, with the majority dying from disease, hunger and murder. [206], Italy introduced antisemitic measures, but there was less antisemitism there than in Germany, and Italian-occupied countries were generally safer for Jews than those occupied by Germany. Those that remained in the city mostly included women, children, and the elderly. [209] Officers from RSHA IV B4, a Gestapo unit, began deporting Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau. [270] At least 1.4million of these were in the General Government area of Poland. Now the world war has come. Among these groups were Communists, Socialists, Jehovah's Witnesses, and gay men. [191] Although Jewish persecution was unsystematic within the pre-war borders of Romania, it was systematic in the Romanian occupied territories of the Soviet Union. There is no single wartime document created by Nazi officials that spells out how many people were killed in the Holocaust or World War II. More than six million Jews were killed by the atrocious Nazi regime, along with . The Holocaust knowledge questions were designed to measure some basic facts about the Holocaust, including when it happened and who it involved. Nearly three-in-ten Americans say they are not sure how many Jews died during the Holocaust, while one-in-ten overestimate the death toll, and 15% say that 3 million or fewer Jews were killed. [236] Heydrich told the meeting: "Another possible solution of the problem has now taken the place of emigration, i.e. [391] Overall, the number of mentally and physically disabled people murdered was about 150,000. [263] In December 1939 and January 1940, gas vans equipped with gas cylinders and a sealed compartment had been used to kill disabled people in occupied Poland.

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