white earth ojibwe chiefs

Please enable JavaScript in your browser's settings to use this part of Geni. The government of the White Earth Reservation employs non-Indians as well as Chippewa from off the reservation in order to fill its staffing needs. . Had not the Government intervened to compel the warring tribes to accept a line of demarcation, he threatened to plant his village on Minnesota River and pursue theSioux into the western plains. He died between 1828 and 1837, and was succeeded as chief of the Crane gens by his son Kabay Noden. The questions of ancestry and style of life continue to be contentious. Fond du Lac later backed out of the agreement, but still enforces hunting and fishing regulations. Made possible by the Arts and Cultural Heritage Fund through the vote of Minnesotans on November 4, 2008. Although his band at Leech Lake, Minnesota, was decimated in the exterminating war, it continued to grow through accessions of the bravest spirits of the eastern villages. A chief of the Mississippi (or Sandy lake) Chippewa, born about the middle of the 18th century, on the south shore of Lake Superior. An overlooked influence of the Ojibwe on the state (and the nation) is in the area of leadership in educational reform. What would we name the Mesabi Iron Range and the towns of Bemidji, Bena, Biwabik, Mahnomen, Ogema, and Washkish if they hadn't been given names of Ojibwe origin? The state's longtime position has been that it's illegal to harvest wild rice without a license on off-reservation land. According to the Dawes Act of 1887, the communal land was to be allotted to individual households recorded in tribal rolls, for cultivation in subsistence farming. Funding provided by the State of Minnesota, the Legacy Amendment through the vote of Minnesotans on Nov. 4, 2008, and our generous donors and members. A land cession treaty is signed that exempts Red Lake from the Dawes Act (a federal act that divided many other reservations into 160-acre tracts of individual landowners). http://www2.mnhs.org/library/findaids/sv000032.xml. At the time, the U.S. government wanted to mine a vein of copper on the northern shore of Lake Superior. Conservation Officer Tim Collette issues a ticket to Todd Thompson for setting a gillnet in Gull Lake on Aug. 28, 2015. The US government even proposed relocating the Dakota people to the White Earth Reservation,[citation needed] although the two peoples had been traditional enemies since the Anishinaabe had invaded their land in the late 18th century. Average yearly precipitation at Mahnomen is over 22inches. Chief Biauswah I Bayaaswaa Matchiwaijan Thomme Qui Porte Une Grande Peau, The Great Skin, 6. The ancestors of the Ojibwe lived throughout the northeastern part of North America and along the Atlantic Coast. Birth of Chief Wabanquot White Cloud Waabaanakwad, "Wabadidjak", "Waub-uj-e-jauk", "Waubojeeg", "Wa-ba-che-chake", Last Ruler of O'Jibway Dynasty, Last Ruler of O'jibway Dynasty. First published: November 15, 2013 In 1869 the Gull Lake Mission was removed to the reservation at White Earth, whither Johnson followed and was given charge, bringing into the church a number of his tribesmen and erecting a chapel and parsonage. George was educated in Illinois, and after acquiring considerable knowledge in English books returned to his people as a Wesleyan missionary. Created in 1867 by a treaty between the United States and the Mississippi Band of Chippewa Indians, it is one of seven Chippewa reservations in Minnesota. Ojibwe communities were historically based on clans, or "doodem," which determined a person's place in Ojibwe society. P.O. Stories from the Field: The White Earth Nation | Blogs | CDC The treaty grants tribes the right to hunt, fish and gather on ceded lands, but the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources instead have enforced Minnesota law, arresting tribe members for gillnetting and spearfishing outside the bounds of state regulations. At the time of theSioux rising in 1862 he was accused of planning a similar revolt. His father, Yellow-hair (Wasonaunequa), was not a chief by descent, but gained ascendency over the Pillagers through his knowledge of medicine, and it is said that whoever incurred his hatred died mysteriously. White, Bruce. The Four Hills of Life: Ojibwe Wisdom. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1983. [1], References[edit] ^ pp. Public media is independent, community-supported media for the public good. Brother of Fredericus Kitchi Weshki / Great Buffalo; Unknown Waubojeeg; Au-Yawbawahdic Waishkey and Chief Tug-waug-aun-ay Enmegahbowh ( The one who stands before his people.) The indirect impact of tribal government and casino jobs results in an additional 21,150 jobs and $774 million in income. The Fond du Lac and Grand Portage Reservations are created. About NIEA. At the time, though, the U.S. government was more interested in logging off the white pine that ran through Wisconsin to the eastern banks of the Mississippi. The early work of Christensen and Antell in Native education in Minnesota eventually led the way for other Ojibwe and Dakota leaders to push for the development of scholarship programs. [3] They fought a difficult but successful rear guard action along with two African American Regiments, the 55th and 59th U.S. Kitchi-Gami: Life Among the Lake Superior Ojibway. It is about 225 miles (362km) from MinneapolisSaint Paul and roughly 65 miles (105km) from FargoMoorhead. Chief Mitiguakosh Timber Sprout le bec de bois, 2. Before that happened, the bands settled with the state, trading some of their rights for yearly payments of over $1.5 million to each band. Minnesota has been blessed with many other fine writers, including Turtle Mountain (North Dakota) transplant Louise Erdrich, a nationally known novelist and poet who lives and works in Minnesota. The collapse of the fur trade economy, land dispossession through treaties, and the creation of reservations dramatically altered Ojibwe lives and left them with a small portion of their original homelands at the end of the 1800s. Subscribe to this website and receive notification each time a free genealogy resource is newly published. treatiesmatter.org | Broken Promises Ojibway Chief Joseph Montriel, Abenaki Menominee, 17. He was born about 1800, and was noted chiefly as an orator, and as the father of Ahshahwaygeeshegoqua (The Hanging Cloud), the so-called Chippewa Princess, who was renowned as a warrior and as the only female among theChippewa allowed to participate in the war ceremonies and dances, and to wear the plumes of the warriors. J.). North of there, the forest becomes less dense, especially around the Pine Bend and Rice Lake regions. W. He was born into the Adik (caribou) doodem some time in the mid-18th century near Zhaagawaamikong on the western end of Lake Superior. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2002. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2009. According to Schoolcraft 4 he would often walk through the village where he resided, divested of every particle of clothing except a large gray wolfs skin, which he had drawn over his body in such manner as to let the tail dangle behind. Treuer, Anton, ed. When Lewis Cass visited Sault Ste Marie, Michigan, in 1820, to negotiate a treaty with theChippewa for purchasing a small tract of land, Sassaba, who was one of the chiefs assembled on this occasion, not only manifested his bitter animosity toward the United States authorities, but displayed his eccentric character as well. [7] They were credited with providing needed cover fire that kept 59th troops from being engulfed while dismantling a bridge's decking to thwart Confederate Cavalry from following. Cloquet, MN: Fond du Lac Headstart, 2002. Broker, Ignatia. Ojibwe Singers: Hymns, Grief, and a Native Culture in Motion. At Prairie du Chien he acknowledged the ancient possession by theSioux of the territory from the Mississippi to Green bay and the head of Lake Superior, but claimed it for theChippewa by right of conquest. Minnesota Historical Society, Enslaved African Americans and the Fight for Freedom, "The Ojibwe: Our Historical Role in Influencing Contemporary Minnesota.". Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2008. 2023 University of Toronto Press, 1974. Don Wedll, commissioner of natural resources for the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe, speaks during a news conference at the tribal government center, in March 1999 after the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the band's right to hunt and fish in a ceded territory in north central Minnesota. From this habit the name Myeengun (wolf) was sometimes applied to him. Prior to the decision to create a reservation in Mahnomen County there were Chippewa/Ojibwa living there. The Pine Treatyinvolving Pillager, Red Lake, Mille Lacs, and Fond du Lac bands, as well as Wisconsin bandsis signed. The peace and friendship that generally prevailed between the white pioneers and theChippewa were due chiefly to Curly Heads restraining influence. The White Earth Reservation holds the 160,000-acre White Earth State Forest. Disclaimer: The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) first developed the Tribal Leaders Directory as an internal reference document for its employees. Crooks, Anne. A youngChippewa chief, born near the mouth of Trent River, Ontario, in the fall of 1818. Unidentified Ojibwe family, about 1905. The other will lead to the destruction of the earth. Johnston, Basil. Z. M. Pike, who passed the winter in his neighborhood. Half brother of Ne-ban-a-aw-bay Ojibwe; Susannah Ozhaguscodaywayquay Johnston and Iamba Addik. They had not been included in the 1855 Treaty of Washington (10Stat. The white traders lavished gifts upon him, which he freely shared with his followers. Three of the state's most important and most controversial treaties were made in 1837, 1854 and 1855. White. As a result of the story, we know why we are here, living in the region, including Minnesota, and we know why non-Native people are here, as well. The U.S. Supreme Court upholds the Ojibwe right to hunt, fish, and gather in lands ceded in the 1837 Pine Treatya major victory for Native treaty rights. Tribes expend $1.4 billion, and that stimulates another $1.31 million in other economic spending. That is a gift our ancestors passed down to us and that we now share with you. Ojibwe educators Rosemary Christensen (Bad River) and Will Antell (White Earth) of Minnesota led the formation of the National Indian Education Association in 1969. The White Earth Land Recovery Project encourages ownership of reservation land by members of the White Earth Band, as well as projects for reforestation and revival of the wild rice industry on the reservation's lakes. ), Stories of Minnesota's Greatest Generation, Stories of LGBTQ Communities in Minnesota, Teaching Native American History and Culture, Minnesota Center for Social Studies Education (CSSE). We are a living testament to the tenacity of culture. W. Land owners and sport anglers held counter-protests. Fort Snelling State Park is closed due to flooding, however, the historic site remains open. The component bands located on the White Earth Indian Reservation were unified into the single White Earth Band of Ojibwe of today. Not since the fur trade era have Ojibwe entrepreneurs affected the regional economy so profoundly. The three groups are collectively known as Anishinaabeg, or "original people.". [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ojibwa], Reservation to Red Bear, Chief of Chippewas. The Good Path: Ojibwe Learning and Activity Book for Kids. According to tradition[citation needed], the Ojibwe had a patrilineal society in which inheritance and descent was passed down paternal lines. Box 418, White Earth, MN 56591. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995. Waubojeegs son Wabanquot White Cloud (1830-1898) succeeded his father and governed the Leech Lake Chippewa, White Earth Chippewa, and Mississippi Bands of Chippewa indians. Jaakola, Lyz. Treaties themselves were more complex by 1854, with detailed plans for one-time and annual payments. In 1852, a 93-year-old Ojibwe chief traveled to Washington to stop the president from forcing his people off their ancestral lands. http://www.mpm.edu/wirp/, Minnesota Indian Gaming Association web site. The Reservation's land is still recovering from the effects of the destruction which the lumber companies caused over a century ago. Chippewa Tribe FamilySearch Although our ancestors' spiritual practices were banned by Indian agents, priests, and missionaries, and Christianity was forced upon the people, our spiritual beliefs are thriving today in our lodges and ceremonies. Created in 1867 by a treaty between the United States and the Mississippi Band of Chippewa Indians, it is one of seven Chippewa reservations in Minnesota. Ojibwe Chief Hole-in-the-Day, photographed by Whitney's Gallery around 1860, was among the signers of the 1854 and 1855 treaties. y Equay Say Waubojeeg, Wayiskey Waubojeeg (Eldest Son), Susan Oshawguscoday-wayquay Waubojeeg (Woman Of The Green Prairie), Iamba Addik W Manongizida Or Mashickeeoshe Loons Foot Waishkey, Wenona, Miscodeed Waishkey, Camudwa Waishkey, Waubojeeg Of The Awaise (Chief White Crane Or White Fisher) Waishkey. www.aimovement.org. In 1679 the Ojibwe and the Dakota formed an alliance through peaceful diplomacy at Fond du Lac in present-day Minnesota. Ojibwe Shoulder Bag Kit. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 2013. He died while returning from the conference, known as the treaty of Prairie du Chien, held Aug. 19, 1825, in which his name appears as Babaseekeendase, Curling Hair. According to Warren 2 he was both civil and war chief of his people. About half the Reservation is covered by a forest and lakes, with second-growth trees. J.). O'Jibway Nation Grand Chief Chief White Crane (Waub-Uj-Jauk) "White Fisher" "King Fisher" Waishkey, Wazhazha Mdewakanton, Birth of Chief Wabanquot White Cloud Waabaanakwad. Jean Nicollet's arrival in the Great Lakes Region in 1634 to establish trade relations signaled the beginning of the Ojibwe fur trade. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, Educational Services Division, 1973. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2009. Total area 837,120 acres; Tribally owned: 71,357.71 acres. The case could also reach the U.S. Supreme Court, as the Mille Lacs Band case did in 1999. Biography: Winona LaDuke Zebulon M. Pike, who bestowed on him a medal and a flag, and according to whom his band at that time numbered but 45 men. O'Jibway Nation Grand Chief Wajki Weshki The Great Firstborn, Wazhazha Mdewakanton, 4. In 1837 more than 1,000 Ojibwe met Dakota and US representatives at the confluence to negotiate another treaty. He was much impressed by the prophecies of Tenskwatawa, and through his influence poisoning ceased among the Pillagers, as among other Chippewa. His parents were Chippewa, and his father, until his conversion, was a medicine-man. Brother of Obemau Unoqua "Nancy" Sayer; Claire Equaywid Ahdik Songab and Ozhaguscodaywayquay Susan Mamaangzide, The Wazhazha Mdewakanton of the O'Jibway Nation is ceremonial. pissing, Nancy Bwanequay Obemau Unoqua Waishkey Loonsfoot, Madjeckewiss, Unknown Wanbojug, Gilwegilshig Loons Foot, Miscodeed Waishkey, M Isabelle 'misquobonoquay' Waishkey (born Perreault). Jim Northrup: With Reservations. the White Earth Band, located in northwestern Minnesota. O'Jibway Nation Grand Chief Ayabe-Way-We-Tung Apitwewitu Little Shell III "Little Crow" Thomas (Peter Cochelle) Wenis, Long Voice, Egec, Wazhazha Mdewakanton (1872-1903), 19. http://www.mnopedia.org/ojibwe-our-historical-role-influencing-contemporary-minnesota (accessed May 1, 2023). The White Earth Indian Reservation is one of six bands that make up the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, their governing body for major administrative needs. The voices of Ojibwe writers and artists continue to influence Minnesota's writing and art scene. White Earth Reservation is located in Becker, Clearwater, and Mahnomen counties in north-central Minnesota. An Ojibwe prophecy that urged them to move west to "the land where food grows on water" was a clear reference to wild rice and served as a major incentive to migrate westward. Ojibwe in Minnesota. Previous settlements in the case were in 1964 and 1980. (Ojibwe and Chippewa are actually even the same word, just pronounced differently with accent). His whole subsequent life was spent in fighting the Sioux, and he ended the struggle that had lasted for centuries over the possession of the fisheries and hunting grounds of the Lake Superior region by definitively driving the hereditary enemy across the Mississippi. In July 2007, according to the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, the total number of enrolled members of the White Earth Reservation is 19,291. Following the Reorganization Act, the six wrote a constitution to form the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe. The son was different, enjoying the respect of whites as well as Indians throughout his long life. Morrison, George, and Margot Fortunato Galt. After the Dakota War of 1862, the Gull Lake Band was removed to the Leech Lake area. Tiny settlements that are likely predominantly Native American include Mahkonce, which is very rural; Maple Grove Township; Pine Bend; Roy Lake, a popular tourist and vacation destination; and the region around Strawberry Lake, which is also popular with vacationers. Gitchi Manito (Great Spirit, or God) gave these values to the Ojibwe at the time of our creation. The reservation's land area is 1,093 sq mi (2,831km). Indeed, toboggan is an Ojibwe word, added to the English language by early white pioneers. View our Privacy Policy. Finally, the Ojibwe migration into the western Great Lakes Region in the late 1600s and early 1700s also influenced the Dakota move to the southern region of the state, although better hunting also played a role in the Dakota's southward and westward migration. A Chippewa chief, also known as Byianswa, son of Biauswah, a leading man of the Loon gens which resided on the south shore of Lake Superior, 40 miles west of La Pointe, northwest Wisconsin. https://chequamegonhistory.wordpress.com/tag/leech-lake-band-of-oji Geni requires JavaScript! Eshkebugecoshe (Flat-mouth , Wide-mouth). By the time the French arrived in the Great Lakes area in the early 1600s, the Ojibwe were well established at Sault Ste. He succeeded to the office of chief of the Ojibwa at the death of his father, Waubojeeg, one of the principal chiefs for the Gull Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa. Geni requires JavaScript! A resource for reliable information about significant people, places, events, and things in Minnesota history. Four Ojibwe tribe members are headed to district court this week after gillnetting fish and gathering wild rice without a required state permit on land that is not part of a reservation. Ojibwe oral history and archaeological records provide evidence that the Ojibwe moved slowly in small groups following the Great Lakes westward. These programs would allow more of the state's Native students to access higher education and PK12 culture, language, and academic support programs in public schools, tribal schools (on the Mille Lacs, Fond du Lac, Leech Lake, and White Earth reservations), and tribal colleges (at White Earth, Fond du Lac, and Leech Lake). Explaining Minnesota's 1837, 1854 and 1855 Ojibwe treaties His daughter was the wife of Ermatinger, a British trader. Tribe members were arrested during protests on Lake Mille Lacs. A court battle over treaty rights is heating up in northern Minnesota. The 1854 treaty ceded the lands in Minnesota's Arrowhead region . Chief Gijigossekot Giizhig-gosigwad Great Thunderbird, Wazhazha Mdewakanton, O'Jibway Nation Ogimaakwe: Mah Je Gwoz Since Ah-dik Songab "Star Woman" daughter of Wazhazha Mdewakanton Dakota Grand Chief Chief Delonaise Wpe IV Songab Okichita "Ojibwaince"; sister of Chief of the Chippewas Pierre Misco Mahqua DeCoteau, Misko-Makwa Red Bear I, son of Sandy Lake Ojibwe Chief Chief Biauswah II Bayaaswaa "The Dry One" Bajasswa Thomme Qui Faitsecher. White Earth, Minnesota, Ojibwe Reservation - hanksville.net The American Indian Movement (AIM) begins in Minnesota. As of the census of 2020,[1] the combined population of the White Earth Reservation and associated off-reservation trust land was 9,726. Duluth, MN: WDSE-TV, 2002. The Chippewa also mistrusted administration of the vote; the whites, who had an interest in allotment, counted the total number of votes, rather than the Chippewa. The entertainment and gambling complex employs over 1000[2] tribal and non-tribal staff, with a new location in Bagley, Minnesota. CD. And despite the historical despair of losing much of our traditional land (see the summary points for more detail on the land cession treaty period), of many of our ancestors becoming poor and dependent on rations, of having generations suffer all the social ills of people who have been dispossessed, of losing hope, we are still herestill strongstill Ojibwe. Joseph A. Gilfillan, who was assigned to White Earth as an Episcopal missionary in 1873, with Johnsons aid established a school for the training of Indian clergy, and in a few years 9Chippewa were ordained to the ministry. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior, relative to a reservation made to Red Bear, Chief of the Chippewas, by provisions of the ninth article of the treaty of October 2, 1863. In 1858 Johnson was admitted by Bishop Kemper to the first order of the Episcopal ministry at Faribault, and in 1859 was left in charge of the mission at Gull Lake, where he continued until theSioux outbreak of 1862, when he alone of the Episcopal missionaries remained in the field. Among the Ojibwe, honor and prestige came with generosity. The 1854 treaty also established permanent reservations for the Fond du Lac, Grand Portage and Bois Forte Bands. In 1990, the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe sued for the rights granted them under the 1837 treaty. The outcome could affect hunting and fishing across much of northern Minnesota, but most Minnesotans won't really understand what's going on, said University of Minnesota Duluth professor and treaty historian Erik Redix. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2007. [4]:p.201 One of those men was killed and buried with military honors before Company G even left St Cloud where they had been signed in. The Indian Chief and the President National Parks Conservation Abstract. Anton Treuer - Wikipedia The Ojibwe are an Algonkian-speaking tribe and constitute the largest Indian group north of Mexico. Gay Tay Menomin Old Wild Rice (Red Wing I), 14. Wabanquot (from the Ojibwe Waabaanakwad: White Cloud) was born at Gull Lake, Minnesota, around 1830. In August 2015, a group of tribe members from across the 1855 ceded lands met at Hole-in-the-Day Lake near Nisswa, Minn., to harvest wild rice in an attempt to strengthen hunting and gathering rights under the 1855 Treaty. Hole-in-the-Day (or Bug-o-nay-ki-shig) was born in the opening days of this era. The second Hole-in-the-day was murdered by men of his own tribe at Crow Wing, Minn., June 27, 1868. O'Jibway Nation Grand Chief Black Duck Makadeshib Lerat, Wazhazha Mdewakanton (1811-1813), 17. Swift, Tom. Many of the same tribal leaders who signed the 1837 treaty, including well-known Chief Hole-in-the-Day, made their way to La Pointe, Wis., to negotiate the 1854 treaty. Unidentified Ojibwe woman, about 1885. The Ojibwe stretch from present-day Ontario in eastern Canada all the way into Montana. One path will lead to peace, love, and brotherhood. Broken Tooth was one of the signers of the treaty of Prairie du Chien, Aug. 19, 1825; his death occurred in 1828. The 1855 treaty does not explicitly grant those rights. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2009. "Where there is an abundance of white clay") is the home to Their early work led others to develop tribal schools and colleges, and programs in public schools for Native students. Ojibwe culture and society were structured around reciprocity, with gift-giving playing an important social role. Chief Wabanquot was a signatory on the Treaty of Washington (1867) in which on June 14th, 1868 he led the Chippewa to the White Earth Reservation. ISBN 0-8032-8256-7 ^ Rubinstein, Sarah P. Minnesota history along the highways: a guide to historic markers and sites, p. 247. Unidentified Ojibwe family in canoe at Vermilion Lake, about 1905. In the latter half of the 20th century, the federal government arranged for the transfer of state and county land to the reservation in compensation for other property that had been lost. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2009. Clint Wood | Brainerd Daily Dispatch via AP 1999. And in major U.S. galleries, works are shown by these noted Ojibwe artists: George Morrison (Grand Portage), Patrick DesJarlait (Red Lake), Steve Premo (Mille Lacs), Frank Big Bear (White Earth), Joe Geshick (Bois Forte), and Carl Gawboy (Bois Forte). Minnesotan Native educators lead the formation of the National Indian Education Association, and the first convention is held in Minnesota. The events of October 1898 indicate otherwise. Her father, also known as Sun Bear, was Anishinaabe (or Ojibwe) from the White Earth Reservation in Minnesota. . In the telling of the story, seven prophets appeared out of the ocean and each told a prophecy of what would happen to the Ojibwe people. One path will lead to peace, love, and brotherhood. White Earth, like the Red Lake and Leech Lake reservations, is known for its tradition of singing hymns in the Ojibwe language.[9]. He was also known as The Count. Margaret Treuer was an enrolled member of the White Earth Ojibwe Nation and a lifelong resident of the Leech Lake Reservation. -Winona LaDuke, White Earth Ojibwe. Hole-in-the-Day (Bug-o-Nay -Geeshig) was a Minnesota Ojibwe chief, descended from a war chief father who bore the same name. But tribe members depended on the land for sustenance, especially during the lean years of the Great Depression and World War II. The bulk of what is now Minnesota was signed over to the U.S. government in a series of a dozen treaties over about three decades in the mid-1800s. The final prophecy tells us why we Ojibwe are here, to share the story of the final prophecy in hopes that it will influence the ways non-Native people treat this beautiful earth. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1997. Marie and the surrounding area. Also known as Anishinaabemowin , the language has many regional dialects and as of 2011, was spoken by more than 25,000 people. Even now, as walleye numbers decline on Lake Mille Lacs, tensions remain between tribe members and anglers. 719)(digital copy at the Digital Kappler Project). Living Our Language: Ojibwe Tales and Oral Histories. George Copway, who valued the friendship of Hole-in-the-day and once ran 270 miles in 4 days to apprise him of aSioux raid, relates how he almost converted the old chief, who promised to embrace Christianity and advise his people to do so after one I more battle with the Sioux. He was succeeded as head chief of theChippewa on his death in 1846 by his son, who bore his father s name and who carried on in Minnesota the ancient feud with the Dakota tribes.

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