characteristics of bantu languages pdf

), Prosodic Categories: Production, Perception and Comprehension, 243265. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Fridjhon Downing, L. J. , and attributable to the fact that F1 and F2 frequencies co-vary in these vowels. Figure 3.24 A. (1996) Notes on Unencoded Speech: Clicks and Their Accompaniments in Xhosa. (2016) Posterior Lingual Gestures and Tongue Shape in Mangetti Dune !Xung Clicks. Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University. Phonology E. University of California, Berkeley. & EPG frames showing the releasing phase of a post-alveolar click spoken by a male Zulu S42 speaker. Nomdebevana 30: 591627. Source: Mid-sagittal MRI scans of isolated vowels, made available by Didier Demolin. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics Surveys of intonation in Bantu languages include Zerbian and Barnard (2008) and the volume edited by Downing & Rialland (2016a). In , Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. (2015) Liko Phonology and Grammar. Reports and Papers, 307450. 2024, Kyoto. (ed. An interesting issue is therefore whether the Bantu languages, particularly those with seven or more vowels, make use of the ATR feature in this phonetic sense. Pretoria: Via Afrika. Pretoria: University of South Africa. & , K. W. , Guthrie, M. (2009) On Pitch Lowering Not Linked to Voicing: Nguni and Shona Group Depressors. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. . See Proctor et al. In In Bantu, this is typically not the case; the vocal folds are in the normal position for voicing. South African Journal of African Languages (2016) How Intonations Interact with Tones in Embosi (Bantu C25), a Two-Tone Language Without Downdrift. Another nine-vowel Bantu language is Liko D201 (De Wit 2015: 45). & , , The Bantu verb consists of a root that can be accompanied by affixes with various lexical and grammatical functions. Roux Boyer London: Gregg International. , One language is used as the type for each group, for the purpose of . Lanham, L. W. 2002, Bostoen 2008). (1967) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. , Bostoen, K. Premire Partie: Grammaires Soubiya et Louyi. , Bolzano: Bozen-Bolzano University Press. , / all represent a voiced nasal (post)alveolar click. Because the insert does not cover the soft palate, this closure cannot be observed on the EPG record at this time. Monaka Charette Lovestrand, J. Belgian Journal of Linguistics Clicks have been reported to occur in Ikuhane, or Botswanan Subiya (Ndana et al. Changes in larynx activity can be variously timed in relation to the action in the oral cavity, and to the timing of movements raising and lowering the velum. (1904) Kingoni und Kisutu. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Each point represents the average of at least 28 tokens of the vowel in penultimate position in a word list spoken by a female speaker. Yaound: ALCAM, Unit de recherche linguistique et phontique, Institut des Sciences humaines. The article of Paulian (1994) does include a few words with short nasalised vowels in stems, but these may be misprints. Seifert , (1945) A Preliminary Study of the Lexicological Influence of the Nguni Languages on Southern Sotho. (1996) Tonal Transfer in Chichewa. Language Matters Berlin: Language Science Press. 1: Typological Studies in Word and Sentence Prosody, 3562. Nasal vowels in the stem are reported to have the qualities [ In (2016) Tone and Intonation in Chichewa and Tumbuka. , Elderkin T. C. Paper presented at Second World Congress of African Linguistics, Leipzig. (1980) Nasale suivie de consonne sourde en proto-bantu. in the word /ko/ avarice has a higher F2 (above 1000 Hz), and the higher formants are much more prominent than those of /o/. Sands Doke, C. M. Definition "Bantu" means "people" in many Bantu languages. There are currently approximately 50 million speakers of Swahili (Hinnebusch, 1979), of which 2 million are native speakers (the remainder , Kingston, J. 38(3): 404421. De Blois, K. F. The fragment marked B has voiceless oral airflow, with resonances similar to those of the following /a/ vowel. Iskarous Create a chart to keep track of your information. Pholia 2014). 19: 111131. 8, No. 71(1): 5081. F. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Whistling fricatives are very rare cross-linguistically, but they do occur in Mozambican Portuguese (Ashby & Barbosa 2011), clearly due to the influence of Bantu languages. Abasheikh 2007, Miller et al. The equalisation of internal and external pressure at release occurs much more quickly in post-alveolar clicks than for dental and lateral clicks. Hamann, S. Elderkin 33(4): 427446. A. Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation, 885889. Clicks in the South-East cluster were borrowed from Khoe and possibly also from Taa and Kxa languages into Nguni S40 (Louw 2013, Pakendorf et al. . (eds. (1994) A Linguistic Analysis of Northern Sotho. Faytak, M. , In & (1990) Ralisations tonales et contraines segmentales en fang. T. (2014) The Grammatical Structure of Sowetan Tsotsitaal. Figure 3.9 Waveform of the middle part of the Tonga S62 word // father, illustrating the increasing amplitude of voicing during the implosive. Each point represents the mean of between seven and 27 tokens of unreduced stem-initial vowels spoken by a male speaker. There have been relatively few acoustic studies of other Bantu five-vowel systems, but Swahili G42 (Nchimbi 1997) has a pattern similar to Xhosa S41, while Bemba M42 (Hamann & Kula 2015), Ndebele S44 and the Zezuru variety of Shona S12 (Manuel 1990) have a pattern similar to Kalanga. Ladefoged, P. ), Proceedings of the Sixth Australian Conference on Speech Science and Technology, 5560. van der Hulst, H. G. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. , or as an unaspirated alveolar click ([ruoma]), as in Bokamba, E. G. Equally, voiced segments such as nasals and approximants may contrast in depression (Traill & Jackson 1988, Wright & Shryock 1993, Mathangwane 1998). (1995) Nasal Consonant Harmony at a Distance: The Case of Yaka. Leiden: Brill. Other major languages of the group, each with 10 million speakers or more, . Areas in black on the map represent the geographical distribution of languages with large click inventories, and areas in grey represent smaller click inventories. C. This differs from Kwasio A81 pharyngealisation which likely results from the reduction of a consonant. Clicks are found in many words in Southern Sotho S33 (Guma 1971), but only occur in a few sound symbolic words and interjections in Northern Sotho S32 (Poulos & Louwrens 1994). They form the largest branch of the Southern Bantoid languages.. Rialland Thus a High after a depressor begins considerably lower than a Low elsewhere. Herman, R. Bladon, A. In Mbukushu K333, the one series of clicks is reported to be pronounced either as dental, palatal or [post-]alveolar sounds (Fisch 1998). Downing, L. J. 1981, Poulos 1990). Proctor, M. There are many dialects of Swahili (Wald et al., 2018, Walsh, 2017. Thomas, K. High tone is generally the phonologically marked tone, with Low tone being unmarked (Stevick 1969, Downing 2011) (see also Chapter 5). Leiden: Brill. South-West and South-East Bantu languages with clicks. In Mwiini G412, however, long vowels may surface on the penult or antepenult and only occur word-initially in loanwords (Kisseberth & Abasheikh 2004: xvii). Laprie An interesting process of intensification of secondary articulations into obstruents occurs, inter alia, in Rwanda JD61 (Jouannet 1983) and Shona S10 (Doke 1931a). Front closure durations are shown as heavily stippled bars. The Bantu peoples, or Bantu, are an ethnolinguistic grouping of approximately 400 distinct ethnic groups who speak Bantu languages, consisting of some 600 languages with varied mutual intelligibility.The languages are native to 24 countries spread over a vast area from Central Africa to Southeast Africa and into Southern Africa. M. N. There are several hundred Bantu languages. Kisseberth, C. W. Greenberg, J. H. (2017) How Do You Whisper a Click? Ms. Jos: Rycroft, D. K. Figure 3.17 Bresch These frames also illustrate the retraction of the tongue tip which occurs just before release of this click type. , (2002) Bantu Cologne Reconstructions 3. E. 46(2): 235246. Monaka, K. C. Martin J. C. P. (2015) Illustrations of the IPA: Bemba. P. , Many Bantu languages have relatively simple segmental inventories. This study shows that the F0 associated with depressors is lower than a low tone, and the lowest pitch is centred on the depressor consonants themselves. Poulos, G. Odden, D. (1993) The Effects of Implosives on Pitch in SiSwati. Roux, J. C. New Haven: Yale University, PhD dissertation. C. The (post: 303) alveolar // clicks in Zulu S42 (Thomas-Vilakati 2010) and Xhosa S41 (Doke 1926: 303) are retracted in comparison to pulmonic alveolar consonants such as /t/ and /s/. A. Informa UK Limited, an Informa Group Company Home | About RHO | Collections (1991) Articulatory Phonology and Sukuma aspirated nasals. In Each point represents the mean of between six and 21 tokens of phonetically long vowels in penultimate position in words spoken by a male speaker. Anecdotally, it seems that clicks in other Bantu languages may also vary in amplitude, depending on the individual speaker, stylistic or sociphonetic variables, and prosodic environment. A. C. In (eds. Studies in African Linguistics (eds. 33(3): 261272. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. 2016). 24(1): 530. For instance, a contrast between HL and LH contours is restricted to long vowels in Rwanda JD61 (Myers 2003). Hyman, L. M. Thomas-Vilakati, K. D. M. Linguistique africaine In Windhoek: Out of Africa Publishers. | Promotions When speakers of these languages come to ), The Complete Linguist: Papers in Memory of Patrick J. Dickens, 135170. S. J. Prieto | Cookies (2015) The Phonetic Basis of a Phonological Pattern: Depressor Effects of Prenasalized Consonants. Collins A discussion of Bantu phonetics would not be complete without reference to some of the studies of the major prosodic characteristics of the languages. (2001) Voiceless Tone Depressors in Nambya and Botswana Kalanga. Paper presented at the 46th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics, Leiden. I must now turn to a more detailed consideration of one Greenberg's language families and the word-lists which appear to be basic evidence. shows a typical example of /o/ in the word /ko/ to go; /o/ has a low F2 (below 1000 Hz). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. . & & Scott (eds. Ziervogel, D. These seven prosodic types do not account for all of the details of the individual languages. Rialland, A. Clicks in Bantu languages are often made with a back closure that is velar, however uvular constrictions also occur, particularly for post-alveolar [] and lateral clicks [] (Miller 2008). S. Figure 3.30 N. & (1998) Thimbukushu Grammar. /, //) (Fulop et al. (1914) La langue Thonga. shows very clearly that independent tongue root adjustment does not contribute to the distinctions between any members of the front vowel set /i e /, nor the back vowel set /u o /. Hubbard (1994, 1995) suggests that the difference from Ganda is related to the fact that lengthened vowels count in a different way in tone assignment rules in these languages. High tones tend to fall on the antepenult in Nguni S40 languages such as Xhosa S41, though the penult is stressed/lengthened (Downing 2010). Baumbach, E. J. M. Cape Town: Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society. & Nande JD42 contrasts with Bitam Fang A75 in that it uses ATR for phonetic distinctions. (1985) On aspiration in Swahili: Hypotheses, Field Observations and an Instrumental Analysis. In In In the case of Kalanga S16, the mid vowels /e o/ are relatively close to the high vowels /i u/ and far from /a/. There is a distinct breathy/slack voiced nasalised accompaniment; these two series are depressor consonants. Some speakers of Xhosa S41 produce plain clicks with ejection (Jessen 2002). (2005) Phonetic Analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu Using South African Speech Databases. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. C. 31: 179198. In (1986) Compensatory Lengthening and Consonant Gemination in Luganda. This term was originally applied to consonants which have a particularly salient lowering effect on the pitch of the voice in their neighbourhood (Lanham 1958). An unusual VOT contrast between partially voiced plosives and fully voiced stops, possibly implosives, has been described in Bekwel A85b (Cheucle 2014: 287) and the Kanincin variety of Ruwund L53 (Demolin 2015: 495). (1981) Concise SiSwati Dictionary: SiSwati-English/English-SiSwati. Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences Journal of African Languages and Linguistics In By Malcolm. M. (1997) Languages of the Eastern Caprivi. Thoughts Prompted by Bilabial and Labiodental Fricatives. Rialland Doke, C. M. Lindblom Based on shared characteristics and on territorial contiguity, Guthrie grouped the Bantu languages into 15 geographical (and partly genetical) zones. B. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter. This illustrates one instance where the occurrence of cross-linguistically less common phonetic segments may be disguised by notational practices. x J. , Bloomington: Indiana University, PhD. A. London: University College, University of London, PhD dissertation. G. Waveform and spectrogram of the middle syllable of the Fwe K402 word [ruoma] papyrus, spoken by a female speaker. Figure 3.25 Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand Press. Wright, R. Figure 3.21 The positions of vowels in an acoustic space are often shown by plotting values of the first two formants. , Language locations are estimated following Maho (2009) and Gieseke and Seifert (2007). ), Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. Evidently more study of the phonetic and sociolinguistic variation in this area would be of great interest. Clicks on the fringes of the Kalahari Basin Area. (2010) Tongue Body and Tongue Root Shape Differences in Nuu Clicks Correlate with Phonotactic Patterns. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics Bantu languages provide an opportunity to compare phonetic differences between fairly large numbers of related languages. Clements, G. N. Hannah Journal of African Languages and Linguistics (2009) Preliminary Impressions from the Sociolinguistic Survey of the Jar Dialects. Figure 3.27 O. (1999) Clicks in East African Languages. 25: 255286. Khumalo (1958) The Tonemes of Xhosa. Aspects of prosody to be covered here include: patterning of tones, phonetic implementation of tones, positional restrictions, intonation, focus prosody and question prosody. Nchimbi, A. S. A. Zulu S42 has four different accompaniments to its three click types: plain (voiceless unaspirated), voiceless aspirated, voiced and voiced nasalised. 8: 525562. (1987) on depressor consonants in Zulu S42. She also uses electropalatography (EPG) to show the susceptibility of stops to coarticulation varies not only by place of articulation, but also according to voice category; aspirated stops are the least susceptible to coarticulation and voiced stops are the most (Monaka 2001). The pharyngealised vowel is longer than the plain vowel, which reflects the origin of the pharyngealisation from a reduced velar stops in C2 position in roots of the shape C1VC2V (Duke & Martin 2012: 220). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. P. J. L. Phonetica Though most Bantu languages are reported as having voiced and voiceless series of plosives, three-way contrasts in plosives based on Voice Onset Time (VOT) do occur. (2000) A Course in Phonetics, 4th edition. , Brighton: Causal Productions. & & Journal of the International Phonetic Association Bemba M42 short vowels /i e a o u/ tend to be lax compared to their long vowel counterparts /i e a o u/ (Hamann & Kula 2015): short high and mid vowels tend to be lower and more centralised than long ones, while /a/ is higher than /a/. & Depressor consonants, ATR/RTR vowels, prenasalised stops, ejectives and clicks are among the sounds that have been investigated using a wide range of articulatory and acoustic instrumental phonetic techniques. The palatal click type may be found as a variant of // used in child-directed speech in Zulu and Xhosa (Bradfield 2014: 27). Dombrowsky-Hahn, K. & 5(8): 813820. Sands ), Beitrge zur 1. Muniru 16: 385400. Washington, DC: Georgetown University, PhD dissertation. Language Lyon: Universit Lumire-Lyon2, PhD. Kisseberth, C. It has even been used for those which may simply block a raising or high-tone spreading process. Figure 3.13 , These closely related languages have been argued to violate a constraint against voiceless stops after nasals. & Louw Bantu orthographies usually do not indicate these alternations, unless subsequent developments have created a contrast between, say, /b/ and //, or /b/ and //. (1990) Depression Without Depressors. , Y. Tswana S31 has a voiceless uvular affricate and voiceless uvular fricative (Bennett et al. (2002) describe it as an unreleased voiced palatal implosive [] before a voiceless stop or affricate, e.g., in [paka] moth. MRI scans indicate that this segment is appropriately viewed as a hyperarticulation of the vowel /i/. Clem Downing, L. J. The acoustic phonetic characteristics of the eight- and nine-vowel systems of some Mbam languages (A40+A60) are detailed in Boyd (2015). Figure 3.1 Traill, A. . Western Bantu tradition and use the results to reflect on the nature and the characteristics of the phenomenon one calls tradition. I am a member of the publication's editorial board and strongly support the publication, Authored by: (2015) Prehistoric Language Contact in the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Area: Khoisan Influence on Southwestern Bantu Languages. The gesture is also timed differently from ordinary labialisation in that it covers the fricative duration rather than being primarily realised as an offglide; hence whistling fricatives can themselves be labialised in their release phase. Barnard (1899) Grundri einer Lautlehre der Bantusprachen nebst Anleitung zur Aufnahme von Bantusprachen Anhang : Verzeichnis von Bantuwortstmmen E. D. L. J. Riera E. Mittheilungen des Seminars fr Orientalische Sprachen These pictures are magnetic resonance images of sustained vowels produced by Pither Medjo Mv, a speaker of the Bitam variety of Fang A75 (Demolin et al. In Zulu the passive form is marked by the suffix -wa, as in thanda love and thandwa be loved; the reciprocal by -an, e.g., thand-an-a love one another; the causative by -is, e.g., thand-is-a; the applied form (for, on behalf of) by -el, e.g., thand-el-a; the intensive by -isis, e.g., thand-isis-a love exceedingly; and the diminutive by reduplication. Dental vs. alveolar place of articulation, www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935345-e-17, http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf, issp2008.loria.fr/Proceedings/PDF/issp200828.pdf, www.icphs2015.info/pdfs/Papers/ICPHS0522.pdf, www.icphs2015.info/pdfs/Papers/ICPHS0291.pdf. & Ndinga-Koumba-Binza, H. S. Stress in Bantu often falls on the penult, typically with vowel lengthening, but stem-initial prominence also occurs (Downing 2010). Figure 3.4 It is difficult to be certain that ATR contrasts exist in a language unless direct articulatory data on the vocal tract configuration during vowel production is available. Doke, C. M. Journal of the International Phonetic Association Figure 3.21 Most Bantu languages have a full set of nasals at each place of articulation where a stop or affricate appears, but often intricate (morpho)phonological processes govern nasal/oral alternations and syllabification and other prosodic processes concerning nasals. Guthrie, M. Typically, studies of intonation in Bantu languages tend to look at F0 and duration; measures of intensity and spectral tilt are less often used to identify prosodic cues (Zerbian & Barnard 2008). Moyo, C. T. Downing The traditional Bantu (people) government is therefore a model to revisit and update, in this world where people feel abused by politics. First Published 1959. eBook Published 22 September 2017. . Schadeberg, T. C. Belo Horizonte: CEFALA. H. A. Louw, 5991. The relative timing and durations of velar and front closures deduced from acoustic and aerodynamic data are graphed in (1932) Outlines of a Tswa Grammar with Practical Exercises. G. Contacted electrodes are shown as black squares and uncontacted ones as grey dots. Kxa, Tuu and Khoe (Khoisan) languages tend to favour uvular rather than velar constrictions (cf. Exter & In Jita JE25, for instance, only the initial syllable of verb roots may contrast in tone (Downing 2011). , Maddieson, I. Traill, A. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Valle In these cases there is a substantial fall in F0 from the onset to the middle of the nasal, and pitch begins to rise before the consonant is released; the pitch peak on the vowel is 40Hz (left panel) or 50Hz (right panel) higher than the lowest pitch in the nasal. Lee Cheucle, M. Waveform and spectrogram of the middle syllable of the Fwe K402 word [rukoma] papyrus, spoken by a different male speaker than in In Figure 3.12 R. Downing, L. J. Pretoria: van Schaik. Liu Figure 3.31 ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 365392. due to male/female differences in formant range. Resources listed below are intended to contribute to foundational awareness of potential cultural and linguistic influences. New Proposals for the Phonological Inventory of Proto-Bantu. (1969) Bantu Lexical Reconstructions. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 285320. (1998) Aspirates: Their Development and Depression in Ikalanga. Tsoutios In the South-West, the area near where the borders of Namibia, Angola, Botswana and Zambia meet, the largest number of clicks is found in Yeyi R41. (1994) South Meets North: Ilwana=Bantu+Cushitic on Kenyas Tana River. Namaseb Segebarth In (2005) The Phonetics and Phonology of Sengwato, a Dialect of Setswana. De Wit, G. , They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 4: 109132. Pretoria: Via Afrika. Roux W. Skhosana, P. B. 4 (1937), pp. *CVCV items have become monosyllabic in Fang, the V2 in these cases is often not the *V2 of the reconstructed form. Laine I: 2732. M. Riallands (2007) survey includes seven different prosodic types found in Bantu languages, the most common being the use of register expansion along with the reduction of downdrift. how should we celebrate our individual differences,

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